Synthetic surfaces are smoother than wood surfaces, which although coated with polyurethane, still carry some characteristics of the timber underneath. For example, a patch of hard wood can create a "hold" spot on the lane, owing to the lower friction. The polyurethane surface wears much faster than the synthetic surface, so the middle of the lane starts to play differently to the edges. Today's high friction ball covers really rip it up, especially if your house doesn't put enough oil to protect them.
As wood lanes wear out, you find more and more centres replace them with synthetic overlays or whole new synthetic lanes. Synthetic lanes also don't need resurfacing, although there's quite a few about that could do with a screening coat, according to some learned friends I have in the business. This means that synthetics don't have the down time that wood lanes do. Good news for the bowling business. I must confess that I do prefer the sound that a wood lane makes when the ball lands and rolls down it. It sounds "right".
You can expect to see the ball go straighter in the oil and hook more on the backend. Synthetic lanes play as if the oil were about 4ft longer as a rule, so tend to be dressed shorter which is alleviated by greater carry down, smoothing out the break point after a few games.